Rural Immersion Projects

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. Assessment of sanitation practices under the Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) in the villages Of Dabhada and Moti Bandibar
(MICA, 2025) Jha, Avinash Kumar; Vaishnav, Jeet; Fulwani, Hitesh; Mirakumar, Hirani; Bhasin, Soumya; Somvanshi, Suyash; Banerji, Indranil
The primary objectives of our rural immersion project were multifaceted: Sanitation Infrastructure Analysis: To evaluate the current condition and maintenance of toilets and related sanitation infrastructure. Community Hygiene Practices: To understand how households and communities have adopted or adapted to hygiene practices promoted by SBM. Identification of Gaps: To identify infrastructural, behavioral, and logistical challenges hindering the success of SBM. School Sanitation Evaluation: To assess the sanitation conditions within schools and their role in reinforcing hygiene education. Menstrual Hygiene Assessment: To explore the impact of SBM on menstrual hygiene management and the availability of sanitary products. Policy Recommendations: To suggest evidence-based recommendations to address identified gaps and improve the long-term outcomes of sanitation programs. The Swachh Bharat Abhiyan has laid a strong foundation for improving sanitation in India. The villages of Dabhada and Moti Bandibar exemplify both the successes and the challenges of implementing a nationwide initiative in diverse and complex rural settings. While increased toilet coverage and reduced open defecation represent significant achievements, the lack of maintenance, water supply, and comprehensive waste management remain challenges that need urgent attention. The study underscored the importance of not just building infrastructure but ensuring its usability and sustainability through integrated planning, community involvement, and culturally sensitive education.
Village Assesment, With Swatchh Bharat Mission
(MICA, 2025) Gupta, Kumaril; Tiwari, Siddhi; Juneja, Vishakaha; Sachidanand, Aayushi; Arora, Simardeep; Pandya, Chintan; Vijay
This report presents a comprehensive assessment of sanitation practices in the villages of Moti Banugar and Jambuda in Gujarat. Undertaken as part of the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (Clean India Mission), this project reflects the Indian government’s commitment to eradicating open defecation and promoting hygiene in rural and urban areas alike. Sanitation is a foundational element of public health, influencing not only the well-being of individuals but also the socio-economic and environmental conditions of entire communities. This project, therefore, seeks to understand the prevailing sanitation practices in these villages, identify areas of improvement, and propose practical recommendations that align with both local needs and Swachh Bharat's larger goals. Moti Banugar and Jambuda, situated approximately 18 kilometers from Jamnagar, are primarily agrarian villages where traditional practices often influence daily life, including sanitation behaviors. Through this study, we assessed the current infrastructure, community attitudes, and challenges related to waste management, hygiene, and access to clean facilities. The project employed various research methodologies, including direct observation, interviews with villagers and local leaders, as well as a survey of facilities like schools, healthcare centers, and anganwadis (childcare centers).
Village Assesment with Swacch Bharat Mission
(MICA, 2025) Muttreja, Anvie; Arora, Japlin; Singla, Ritika; Gupta, Rishabh; Kachhwaha, Stuti; Gupta, Yash
This Rural Immersion Project in the villages of Baska (Halol) and Kakanpur (Godhra) seeks to assess and enhance sanitation standards following the Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM). To establish a basis for sustainable hygiene and waste management practices that can improve public health, the main goal is to evaluate existing sanitation practices, facilities, and community involvement. The following objectives will be used to achieve this goal: ● Assess Sanitation Facilities and Utilisation To carry out a thorough evaluation of the sanitary infrastructure in Baska and Kakanpur, taking into account the presence and operation of greywater management systems, waste segregation facilities, and both public and private bathrooms. In particular, community facilities and drainage systems—which are critical for efficient sanitation—will be the focus of this assessment, which will identify specific infrastructure and usage shortages. ● Evaluate the effects on the environment and public health. Do proper research on the effects of current sanitation techniques on the environment and public health. This includes determining the health concerns associated with improperly managed greywater, open defecation, and insufficient waste segregation. To comprehend the wider effects of present behaviours on the ecosystem and community well-being, the research will also assess environmental challenges.
Understanding Sanitation in Madhapar and Ner, Villages In Kutch District, Gujarat Swacch Bharat Mission (SBM) Guj. Govt
(MICA, 2025) Bhootra, Avni; Mahant, Jagruc; Popat, Kaushal; Mishra, Shreyanshi; Jain, Tanisha; Pandya, Chintan; Chavda, Mahesh
This report aims to evaluate the sanitation conditions in Madhapar and Ner villages and assess the impact of SBM on their overall hygiene and cleanliness. The objectives include: Village Profile and Sanitation Infrastructure: Assessing village demographics, governance, and existing sanitation facilities, including community toilets. Data Collection on Sanitation Practices: Understanding hygiene behaviors, washroom access, and the community’s cultural approach to sanitation through surveys and school visits. Evaluation of Sanitation Facilities: Reviewing the adequacy of infrastructure such as Sulabh Shauchalayas and household washrooms. Behavioral and Cultural Analysis: Exploring social factors influencing sanitation practices through field observations and community interactions. Public Health Impact: Linking sanitation practices with prevalent health issues based on data from Primary Health Centers (PHCs). Community-Led Solutions: Engaging villagers in designing culturally relevant sanitation practices and solutions.
Rural Immersion Report: Gujarat Livelihood Promotion Company Limited, Patan
(MICA, 2025) Vaidya, Arundhati; Shah, Lakshit; Mohan, Mansi; Mehta, Naman; Lalchandani, Nikita; Shah, Priyal
Patan District in Gujarat hosts a diverse network of Self-Help Groups (SHGs) involved in traditional crafts and agricultural production. These SHGs play a pivotal role in empowering rural women, providing them with income-generating opportunities, and strengthening the local economy. By preserving artisanal skills, promoting sustainable farming practices, and introducing innovative agricultural technology, these groups contribute to the socioeconomic fabric of Patan. The primary objective of our rural immersion project was to engage with various SHGs to gain a comprehensive understanding of their operations, identify their key challenges, and assess their potential for growth. Through this engagement, we aimed to offer actionable recommendations to enhance the SHGs’ productivity, market reach, and overall sustainability, while ensuring that they continue to benefit the community and preserve cultural heritage. Partner Organizations Our immersion program was conducted in collaboration with the Gujarat Livelihood Promotion Company Limited (GLPC), an organization dedicated to promoting and supporting SHGs across the state. GLPC provides SHGs with training, resources, and financial support to enable economic development at the grassroots level.
Develop a Business Plan For Sector-Wise Self-Help Groups - Rajkot With Gujarat Livelihood Promotion Company (GLPC)
(MICA, 2025) Khanduri, Aayush; Chaudhary, Akshansh Singh; Jaiswal, Ishika; S, Parvathy; Ridhima; Dashora, Riyanshi; Dutt, Ashutosh; Basiya, Virendrakumar Bichhubhai
The GLPC works by creating partnerships between large industries and Sakhi Mandal or Self-Help Groups. These SHG’s are collectives formed by the villagers at various levels in order to gain financing for projects. These are Micro enterprise groups with 10-12 members in each SHG. They are provided with a loan by the government and these funds are then used to finance the SHG members’ business ventures. The purpose of these SHG’s is to promote small savings and uplift the women of these villages and enable them to start their own businesses. Our problem was to develop business plans for sector wise SHG’s. We realized that the current classification of SHG’s was based primarily on how long the SHG had been operating. This did not seem like a holistic approach and hence, we decided to find other metrics that could be used to evaluate the success of an SHG. Our second key takeaway was that there is a lot of saturation in terms of these SHG members sales. The successful SHG’s that have cracked the formula to sell have now reached a plateau where their sales are already reaching their complete market. This market size is due to the SHG members operating the business only locally. Hence, one key avenue for expansion was online e-commerce. We also identified SHG’s from various categories of products/services such as Drone Pesticide Service to Handicraft Product Sellers. We tried to understand the cost of raw materials, margins, cost of procurement, logistic expenses, etc along with their channels of sales and marketing. We also tried to find limitations related to the manpower hours required to create these products and scope for expansion and scaling of the team. Furthermore, there were cultural barriers and other household duties that the SHG members were unwilling to forego to scale their businesses. The challenge was trying to find a balanced approach where they could cater to all these needs.
Developing a Business Plan For Sector-Wise Self-Help Groups (SHGS) With Partner Organisation: Gujarat Livelihood Promotion Company
(MICA, 2025) Srivastava, Devanshi; Kameria, Diya; Pandey, Kandarp; Sharma, Shourya; Desai, Sinjaa; Vankayalapati, Tejasvi
Gujarat, particularly the Saurashtra region, has been a historical center for beadwork craftsmanship, commonly known as "Motibharat." This art form is deeply ingrained in the cultural identity of the region, with a history dating back centuries and a style shaped by various artisan communities. Beadwork in Gujarat has long been associated with the Kadbi, Kathi, and Vaniya communities, who have traditionally created intricate bead-based jewelry, decorative items, and home decor. The craft of beadwork has not only economic significance but also cultural value. Beadwork items, such as torans (door hangings), barsankhs (religious symbols), and intricately beaded jewelry, are widely used during religious festivals and weddings. This traditional craft has allowed women in rural areas, especially those with limited educational opportunities, to engage in productive work within their communities. In particular, beadwork helps preserve cultural heritage while offering a means of financial independence to women artisans in a society that often imposes restrictions on their mobility and access to resources. Historically, beadwork was introduced through trade routes connecting Gujarat to East Africa, Europe, and beyond, bringing unique techniques and styles that have evolved over time. Today, Gujarat remains a renowned hub for beadwork, and its products continue to attract national and international buyers, especially during festive seasons like Diwali and Navratri.
Comprehensive Report on SHG Initiatives by GLPC in Khambaliya and Dwarka, Gujarat
(MICA, 2025) Sejpal, Akhil; Nair, Anurag; Mohta, Bharat; Raj, Kuldeep; Budhiraja, Parth; Agarwal, Siddharth; Pandya, Saurabh
The Gujarat Livelihood Promotion Company (GLPC) has been instrumental in promoting rural livelihood initiatives across Gujarat, with a focus on empowering women and marginalized communities. This report delves into GLPC's efforts in Khambaliya and Dwarka, where Self-Help Groups (SHGs) are transforming the economic landscape through diverse micro-enterprises. By enabling women to participate in economic activities, GLPC’s initiatives not only provide income opportunities but also foster self-sufficiency and community resilience. This report aims to capture the socio-economic impact of these SHGs, assess their challenges, and propose strategies to enhance their operational efficiency and market reach. To comprehensively understand the SHG operations and challenges, a mixed-method research approach was adopted, combining ethnographic observations, in-depth interviews, and field observations. The field study involved extensive engagement with SHG members, community leaders, and local stakeholders. Observations covered SHG activities, production processes, community interactions, and market conditions.
Empowering Rural Artisans: Enhancing Livelihoods And Preserving Heritage Through Glpc’s Mission Mangalam, With Gujarat Livelihood Promotion Company
(MICA, 2025) Sivakumar, Niranjhan; Parekh, Pushtii; Khanna, Prithvi; Singh, Neeharika; Vadhavkar, Shaunak; Parkar, Shruti; Kumar, Mayank; Bhavin Sonal
The MICA Rural Immersion Program is designed to bridge the gap between academic knowledge and real-world applications by assigning student teams to work with organizations actively involved in rural development. The program aims to provide students with hands-on experience in understanding and addressing the complex socio-economic challenges faced by rural communities. Teams are tasked with conducting field research, identifying key challenges, and proposing practical, scalable solutions that can improve livelihoods while preserving local culture and heritage. Our team was assigned the Gujarat Livelihood Promotion Company (GLPC), a key player in rural empowerment in Gujarat. Through this immersion, we gained firsthand insights into the day-to-day operations of rural communities, especially women-led Self-Help Groups (SHGs), and their efforts to uplift their livelihoods through traditional crafts and entrepreneurship. 1.2 Purpose of the Study The primary purpose of this study was to evaluate the economic and social dynamics of SHGs in the Kutch region. These groups, primarily composed of women artisans, represent a significant part of the local economy, engaging in traditional crafts such as Ajrakh block printing, Rabari embroidery, and weaving. However, they face numerous challenges, including market access, resource scarcity, and socio-cultural barriers. Our study aimed to identify these challenges and provide recommendations to enhance the operational efficiency of these SHGs, helping them to scale their businesses while preserving their cultural identity.
Empowering Artisans: Scaling Sustainable Pottery Production, With Dahod Pottery Production Company Limited
(MICA, 2025) Kumar, Divyanshu; Jamuar, Harsh; Jain, Mehak; Verma, Paras; Soni, Vimarsh; Kejriwal, Vishakha
The Entrepreneurship Development Institute of India (EDII) is a premier national institution that has taken up the development of rural clusters through its role as a National Resource Organization (NRO) under the National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM) EDII has worked on cluster development in several sectors. The Dahod Pottery Cluster aims to improve artisans' livelihoods through infrastructure, technology, market linkages, capacity building, and skill development interventions. The Dahod Pottery Producer Company Limited (DPPCL), with over 150+ registered artisans, has been formed to create an institutional mechanism for scaling up production, providing market access, and improving financial returns for the artisans. The Dahod Pottery Cluster is at a critical juncture, and we recognise that without strategic interventions in technology, market linkages, and skill development, the livelihoods of hundreds of artisans are at risk. To secure the future of this traditional craft, we recommend undertaking a comprehensive approach. Through DPPCL, we create a supportive ecosystem that fosters innovation, skill development, and market access. This collective effort will not only safeguard the future of the Dahod Pottery Cluster but also position black pottery as a sustainable and profitable industry for generations to come, ultimately enhancing the region's economic landscape.
Farmer Producer Organisations: An Analysis With Gujarat Livelihood Promotion Company
(MICA, 2025) Hemendra, Arihant; Chaudhary, Jaidev; Banerjee, Kabir; Dutt, Swastika; Shah, Vrushali
Our project seeks to achieve the objectives mentioned below. Through these objectives, the project intends to provide actionable insights for enhancing the effectiveness and reach of rural livelihood initiatives. 1. Cost-Benefit Analysis: Compare the costs associated with using CHC services, including rental fees and maintenance, versus owning machinery individually. Evaluate the return on investment by analysing changes in productivity and income across multiple cropping seasons for CHC users and non-users. 2. Socio-Economic Impact Analysis: Employ statistical tools to analyze the data and determine the socio-economic impact of CHC services on farmers' livelihoods. 3. Comparative Analysis: Compare operational efficiency, satisfaction levels, and usage rates of SHGs and CHCs managed by various entities, using quantitative data to assess differences. 4. Efficiency Metrics: Develop and apply metrics to evaluate SHG management practices, focusing on aspects like equipment rental turnaround time and maintenance response rates.
Rural immersion project: Gujarat Livelihood Promotion Company
(MICA, 2025) Nambiar, Devaprabha; Bhattacharyya, Ritadhi; Bhattacharya, Trishani; Ghosh, Anushka; Pandey, Medhavi; Vyas, Paavan
Our immersion report gives a deep insight into the various economic and operational efficiency dimensions of one of the most significant initiatives taken by the Gujarat Livelihood Promotion Company (GLPC) at Navsari, Gujarat, namely the Community Hire Centers (CHCs). The CHCs have been thought as one of the leading tools to empower rural farmers by providing them with essential farm machinery and equipment, which are further helping them to introduce modern farming methodologies and significantly improve their agricultural productivity. Estimation of the economic benefits and effectiveness of CHCs in terms of such factors as costs pertaining to the use of CHC services, role of Self-Help Groups in its management, the performance of the Agriculture Equipment Provider Scheme, among other things, and the potential feasibility of replicating a model of successful CHCs.Introducing CHCs has led to significant improvements in farm productivity and economic outcomes for small and marginal farmers. CHC services reduce costs associated with machinery ownership, labor, fuel, and maintenance. Additionally, farmers report an increase in crop yields after adopting CHC services, along with a substantial rise in income. Self-Help Groups (SHGs) have played a pivotal role in managing CHCs, offering a community-driven alternative to private or shared community machinery models. SHG-managed CHCs provide affordable, reliable, and efficient services, emphasizing regular equipment maintenance and quick turnaround times. These centers have been particularly beneficial in rural areas, promoting social inclusion and economic empowerment, especially for women .
Financial and Economic Cost-Benefit Analysis 0f Custom Hire Centers (Chcs) in Dang, Gujarat: With Gujarat Livelihood Promotion Project (GLPC)
(MICA, 2025) Sagar, Sameer; Chaudhari, Pushpak; Harshita, Vankadaru; Shashank, Pragya; Tripathi, Divya; Panda, Rasananda; Patel, Paresh
As the initial investment for the adoption of mechanization in agriculture is high, Schedule Caste, Schedule Tribe, small and marginal farmers cannot afford to buy every farm implement/implement to adopt mechanization in agriculture. Farmers are unable to purchase sophisticated and large equipment individually. High rents have to be paid for hiring farm implements, making average farming expensive. Therefore, the Agro Service Provider scheme has been implemented to provide farmers in Gujarat with easy access to farm implements required for agricultural mechanization and to encourage farmers in the field of agriculture. The project was undertaken to evaluate the economic benefits of Community Hire Centers (CHCs) for farmers, including the costs associated with machinery procurement, maintenance, and storage, as well as to assess the effectiveness of SelfHelp Groups (SHGs) in the management and operation of CHCs in Ahwa, Dang district of Gujarat. The performance of the Agriculture Equipment Provider Scheme was analyzed across various villages in Ahwa & Subir, and the models of the highest performing units were also analyzed.
Performing Cost Benefit Analysis Along With Economic Evaluation of Livelihood of Shgs In Dharampur (Valsad): With Gujarat Livelihood Promotion Company
(MICA, 2025) Kachalia, Akshat; Salia, Jeel; Paliwal, Ramya; Nandi, Suraj; Gosalia, Tirthan; Singh, Uday
Our team’s Rural Immersion Project 2024-25 was initiated to assess the economic and social impact of Community Hire Centers (CHCs) on farmers in the Dharampur region of Valsad, Gujarat. CHCs provide shared access to agricultural machinery such as tractors, motors, and sprayers, helping small and marginal farmers reduce the high costs associated with purchasing and maintaining equipment. By offering these services on a rental basis, CHCs make modern farming technologies more accessible, thereby enhancing agricultural productivity and reducing operational costs. The project also investigates how these services empower rural women, especially through the management of CHCs by Self-Help Groups (SHGs). The project was designed in collaboration with the Gujarat Livelihood Promotion Company (GLPC), the implementing agency for the National Rural Livelihoods Mission (NRLM) in Gujarat. GLPC aims to promote sustainable livelihoods for marginalized communities by organizing them into SHGs and federations, helping them access financial services, markets, and government schemes. The Rural Immersion Project seeks to understand the effectiveness of these SHGs in managing CHCs, ensuring that agricultural equipment is available for rent, and improving the overall livelihoods of the farmers in the region. SHGs play a critical role in managing CHCs, and their involvement provides both financial independence and leadership opportunities for rural women.
Project Sakhee: Empowering Women Through Skill-Based Careers And Sustainable Product Development, With Samvedana Trust
(MICA, 2025) Dave, Bhavya; Mehar; Murjani, Oshin; Patel, Soumya; Mitra, Chandradeep; Vasant, Janki
Rural Project Vasant Pathshala: With Samvedana Foundation
(MICA, 2025) Mehta, Aditya; Bhardwaj, Anjali; Khanna, Anshita; Gupta, Dhruv; Jain, Somya; Dixit, Upamanyu; Pandya, Saurabh; Vasant, Janki Pandav, Kiran Patel, Rinkle
The Rural Immersion at MICA in collaboration with Samvedana Trust, set a transformative opportunity by giving a closer look to real-world challenges and practical solutions that could eventually evolve in real-world opportunities for rural communities. Undertaken from 16-25 September 2024, the immersion was indeed devised as an effort to derive in-depth understanding of how sociologically and economically rural domains evolve while providing us with information that is very much to gain or grasp in terms of providing necessary empathy in management at hand. Issues were studied on the high dropout rate in rural girls and their pathways for empowerment through skill-based education and sustainable product development such as agarbatti and dhoop from cow dung under Project Sakhee. Besides emphasizing education, we also interacted with the local farmers and the dairy producers to understand the motives and constraints behind this and developed strategies of income diversification that may benefit them in sustaining their livelihood. This experience reasserted the value of community engagement and sustainability and, thus, emphasizes MICA's commitment towards socially responsible learning, which, in turn, prepares us for a future role in rural and community-driven initiatives.
Project Sangaath: With Deepak Foundation
(MICA, 2025) Sud, Aditya; Malviya, Shivangi; V, Shreya; Karthik, Ajay; Upadhyay, Mithil; Dwivedi, Tanya; Yagnik, Shailesh; Komal
This report presents an in-depth account of the Rural Immersion Project undertaken in collaboration with Deepak Foundation across several villages in Tilakwada, a rural region in Narmada District, Gujarat. The project, titled Sangaath, was developed as part of a larger initiative to bridge gaps in government schemes, social welfare programs, and community-driven projects to improve rural livelihoods. The report details a comprehensive analysis of the impact, challenges, and benefits brought about by Deepak Foundation's activities, specifically in areas of healthcare, sustainable agriculture, women’s empowerment, education, and essential rural infrastructure. Through direct observation and interaction with the communities, we sought to assess the effectiveness of various programs, document success stories, and gather local perspectives on their social and economic needs. With qualitative insights gathered from ten villages, this report also identifies areas where Deepak Foundation’s interventions could expand to create deeper, more sustainable impacts on the lives of rural residents. By focusing on stories from individuals who directly benefit from these programs, the report aims to convey not only the statistics but also the human impact behind each initiative.
Marketing Strategy For Newly Launched Service to Practice Climate-Smart Agriculture: With International Water Management Institute
(MICA, 2025) Sengupta, Abhishek; Jha, Aditi; Agarwal, Harshini; Shukla, Tanya; Mishra, Utkarsh
The objective of the project was to develop a marketing strategy and create promotional tools for Oorja Development Solutions. The aim was to increase the adoption of their newly launched service that includes soil health testing and the provision of climate-resilient seed varieties for smallholder farmers practicing climate-smart agriculture. Key Insights: ● Awareness and Perception: Farmers are aware of soil testing and climate-resilient seeds, but there is a significant gap in understanding their long-term benefits. Skepticism remains due to previous negative experiences with government-led initiatives. ● Soil and Water Concerns: Farmers reported declining groundwater levels and decreasing soil fertility, but they were hesitant to adopt new methods like soil testing due to satisfactory current yields. ● Competitor Influence: External organizations like the Aga Khan Foundation have built trust among farmers through educational materials and awareness, presenting a challenge in differentiating Oorja’s services. ● Economic Considerations: Farmers' adoption of new methods is driven by immediate economic benefits, with a preference for products that demonstrate tangible short-term results.
AKRSP Project Report
(MICA, 2025) S, Anandhakrishnan; Ramgiri, Anmol; Chauhan, Bhoomi; Ashtaputre, Kruti; Ramdev, Rishima
The Muzaffarpur Solar Irrigation Project aims to support women entrepreneurs in promoting sustainable agriculture through the use of solar-powered irrigation systems. Managed by AKRSP (Aga Khan Rural Support Program), the project enables women to serve as water providers for local farmers, offering an alternative to traditional diesel pumps. This initiative not only fosters economic independence for these women but also enhances agricultural productivity and promotes environmentally friendly practices. The project positions women as entrepreneurs and primary operators of solar irrigation systems, enabling them to gain financial independence and leadership experience. By integrating women into the local economy as business owners, the project aims to challenge traditional gender roles and establish women as essential contributors to the agricultural sector.
Dung to Dollar: IWMI – The Tata Water Policy Program
(MICA, 2025) Maheshwari, Mugdh; Pandya, Noopur; Nair, Pradnya; Suseendranathan, Shiva; Chatterjee, Subarthi; Rana, Vivek; Rahul
The Rural Immersion Project, "Dung to Dollar," focuses on transforming cow dung into biogas and organic slurry as a sustainable agricultural solution. This project aims to benefit local livelihoods by providing an alternative fuel source, improving soil quality, and creating income opportunities for village residents. The study was conducted in Saat Ordi Village, where villagers rely primarily on agriculture and livestock. Observations and interviews with households, Self-Help Groups (SHGs), and village leaders provide insights into community dynamics, resource management, and the challenges of implementing sustainable practices. The project’s findings underscore the need for focused interventions in the areas of sustainable agriculture, income diversification, and gender empowerment. By promoting environmentally friendly practices like biogas and organic slurry usage, Saat Ordi can reduce its reliance on conventional fuels and chemical fertilizers, contributing to both environmental sustainability and improved community health. Additionally, training programs for women in Self-Help Groups (SHGs) present an opportunity for economic empowerment, fostering a more inclusive local economy.

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